Criminology

Archive for May, 2010

So you want a fantasy book. I just want to say thanks, the world has so much imagination as perhaps can be done. Fantasy is the stuff dreams are made of, and sure, there may be a few bumps and bruises, and certainly 1000 heart stopping moments, but eventually, When the work is finished, the sun will shine a new light and beauty of life becomes clear .

Just for you to your first pen and paper, leaves us time to look at the task ahead. Youwrite a novel, a true fantasy novel, a wonderful journey you are about to have. Take time to explore a fantasy novel, the street light and make it easier to stay focused.

A fantasy book is actually an exploration of the human condition in a way a fantasy book can be considered as a means to understand how life goes. It 'true that a book fantasy is usually full of wizards and dragons and all sorts of fantastic creatures that runall kinds of surprising results, but in reality, a fantasy novel is a story in our parallel universe. A fantasy novel paints a portrait of life through symbols and images.

Ultimately, the great fantasy novels contain themes like the struggle between good and evil. The beauty of this struggle with fancy talk, is not always a clear line between the two. Fantasy can be a writer to say, without a player to feel uncomfortable about what was challenged in a debate hot.

Afantasy novel, a writer the meaning of life and invite the reader to explore their views and conclusions do compared to what a fantasy covered in pictures, the argument is not a reader to compare and entertainment. This is the way life should be.

The conflict is a fantasy book in the same way to resolve conflicts is to real life. The conflict is not physical, but feel free to take it in a novel, but the conflictthe emotional nature. That's life. Restlessness, decisions, struggles, choice and excitement are all together in one long day of work.

While you are writing a fantasy book, you will find that spending time just thinking, dreams and plans with a pencil in his hand. Yes, you have a world to create every little detail is recorded, checked, checked again, revised and written again. There is much to remember, and it is possible that this script to do the next twomonths or even years. It 'a long time to yourself to take in another world. Sorry, you must from time to time, and you really want the law back to where they were.

The first page of your notebook to show that you plan to start your own fantasy world. Your new world, all land plants and animals. Do not be fooled by writing from a world of another writer, does not work for you, and certainly wont workto your readers. We want first class, not a second spin-off.

Your characters will also brand new. Make sure you have a hero, partner or secondary characters and an antagonist, at least.

How to write a novel, it is necessary to trace. To help plot organized before writing has many advantages. A well-organized plot consistently keeps your new. There is no doubt that you will return to your property and often reducing the perimeter and things change, but considerThey plot a plan.

Maybe we should take a comfortable also notes into a spreadsheet on your computer. The shell of a novel with a ready shortly and the line from the beginning is the trick to all this work together.

If you do not have a clear vision of a novel, there is no need to sit around and wait to get to you. It may well wait for years and it is perhaps vain hope that a light suddenly. Take your time hereFeed your inspiration. Inspiration will find you now have all the motivation needed to keep track of your commitment to a published author of fantasy to see implemented.

The inspiration for your fantasy book can be found in mythology, fairy tales and legends. Indeed, it is very interesting to compare the art of finding. This sweet tale your mother told you at bed time may arrive with different characters and a second "Happy Ever After" in aThe story of Greek mythology.

You can also draw some inspiration from studies in sociology and criminology. Familiar with some basic biology also contributes to the great development of the global atmosphere. The secret is your fantasy book is a success to make it credible and keep it real. Fantasy is real, keep it in your heart when you write, and believe in themselves as much as a novel, if it is to smile and graciously acceptedTheir first royalty check.

If you have a mountain of time online you probably know more than you think Dillard. Mike's ebook called Magnetic Sponsoring will show you exactly what it means.

But I want to show the basic principles of Magnetic Sponsoring book for you, here in this article.

As indicated in the title of the e-book, the name of the game is Attraction Marketing, and when you think of attraction sometimes think of a magnet, right?

Note thatThe idea behind Attraction Marketing and Mike said, demonstrating how to do it in a way no other. But if everyone followed his advice, there is no one now would there?

If this sounds confusing, try to remember always a few items that should be right and Attraction Marketing Magnetic Sponsoring

1 – No one who has ever bought a drill like a drill, they wanted ahole.

So it would like to join your network marketing your business, but actually knows what it means for them to have their lives changed for the better and more people want to end results (such as a hole). But still for sale solutions (exercises) the expected results.

2 – Now with this in mind, I believe;

If there are more than 5,000 network marketing opportunities that exist now will get people to your program includesin a second? The answer is a device that you said, simply means Inc.:

You are what your company
You're the reason that people stop business
Your perception of others is what attracts them to your

If you choose to accept the idea that the true road to sales success of the initial network, you're ready to read Magnetic Sponsoring and regulation of mentality happened.

But if you have trouble accepting, soDo not read his ebook for Magnetic Sponsoring. In this case, I suggest you read this post by Mike Dillard before wasting more time and money

If you have a university education to select, so you know exactly what you want to study and what you will do after graduation. Alternatively, you may not know what to study.

Learn how you can determine the degree course is suitable for you.

Before If you already know what you want to be when the university, or what kind of area you want to work, you can determine what you need to study. It is also possible to a veterinarian or a primary school teacher isdesign or car, or an accountant.

According If you have not decided what to or not, you may be able to think about what you are good a. Could language or songs, or children or be able to control a situation to be taken. Which degree would it be and what you can do when you have trained?

Third Knowing what your interest, you can make an informed choice about which type of degree you want to enjoy. If you are good to talk but hatemathematics, mathematics or a course, can not be right for you. You can listen to music, but can be an instrument or enjoy art, but not be able to play in. How to see if there courses that interest you?

Fourth You can have hobbies that you can change an entire life with the help of a university education at the university. You can enjoy fixing computers, or making music or film short, and could also see it in a professional, rather than a more traditionalcareer.

Perhaps you have fifth weekends or summer is more than you thought you would enjoy. You can see yourself working full time in this area? How much you need to enter the study area?

Sixth Although you do not know what to do, know that you do not want to do. Perhaps it should not work with the language, or children, or do not want to do anything related to doing business.

Seventh As you know, and friendsfamily, university, or have provided, they may be able to advise on what type of degree you may have to do. Maybe the course will Don think or know someone who is and knows if they are eligible for it. they would be able to change a subject or a career that indicates that you may be interested

8th What do you think a career counselor? Depending on your interests, tastes and what you can and do not want to live aprofessional counselor can help you decide which areas you might want to study and your career can be. If you have not discussed, why not make a deal?

Ninth course you can choose to navigate through a university prospectus, and then an unusual trip or anything, you're out. This can have a course that normally would not have chosen a set or for you and so you can surprise yourself and your friends and family.

10thDespite the chosen course, you should be able to edit it if you decide that is not for you. No need to be in the same university as you choose to follow a course to be done elsewhere.

Now you know how to choose the course, perhaps it is time for you to make choices and decide what and where you want to study.

It 'really easy to take a lot of buying programs that you think you need to succeed with internet marketing. Mentoring pay paid training, paid traffic, pay forums, membership sites are all examples of programs that can do any good right now. Some people simply do not know how to write well enough to convert visitors into sales, so that the construction of the link services will not help to achieve the income they earn, but it will help theirplacements.

If you know enough about SEO to achieve top rankings, you still need to convert visitors into paying customers. If you do not know enough about your niche, you may be targeting the wrong keywords to rank well. The best way to succeed with something to keep it simple. It will be sold to people who want to buy from you, and that means knowing your niche and what their needs are.

Your online business out of your pocket, asenter? It's actually a problem common to many aspiring sellers, but one that focuses on one thing at a time and do simple things is really the best. You have to be patient with yourself and your business growth is expected. You must be a student of online marketing game, and not a victim.

Preventing the use of any service or a monthly program that will not help in a tangible way, but try to get the best programs for the cancellation of the members to get. In timeYou will see that you know what you want to do and only online service that will be used are those things that you do what you do not have time for more services like link building, or other time-heavy tasks such as writing content for niche sites.

This How To article feeds, which you know the two best RSS news reader, and the best presentation software RSS ago. Only this article will show you how to use RSS technology to increase website traffic.

As RSS

If you have a blog with Wordpress platform Content Management System, which is a standard RSS feed is created automatically when you install your blog. To improve things a bit 'more than you can installBurner plugin for Wordpress and install it on your site.

Once you know the exact address of your site to run (usually is your domain name followed by a / feed), to enter the site to the major RSS readers.

The two best RSS Aggregrators

The two best bloggers is RSS Feedage dot com dot com and Feedage and there are many other RSS aggregators that you can place your website in place, but can not be listed here in this article. If you search on a searchengine for RSS aggregators, you will certainly be many lists of the best RSS sites.

How to effectively use RSS Posts

Assemble a long list of places you want your feed to table, and submit your site to perform a couple of shots a week. if not all aggregator sites now because it seems too much backup generation in a short time and may have a negative impact on your site.

To do less time for you, a softwaretool to submit your feeds automatically, but other types of feeds in your response activities. Other types of resources that can be sent to places Twitter Profile RSS feeds, social bookmarking element feeds, and even your favorite article directory can be a source for your profile page can also have submitted …

The best RSS submission software

There are a lot of tools that promise to your RSS feed to send to you, but the best presentation software options are notonly if your feeds automatically, but will also feed from your individual pages of your site. The software also includes Best RSS feed from static HTML pages on a web page and individual sites.

How to increase traffic posts RSS

On the back of bloggers for each type of site content means that return a high PageRank site. This increases site traffic, giving your site more link juice general and almost certainlywarranty that comes to dominate the search engines for long tail keywords.

The King of Cups Tarot card can be revealed in a tarot reading, but what it really means?

King's Cup is one of four court cards. The Cups suit in connection with the element water. This step is also linked to the spring, the color blue, and the west. The Bells are also associated with emotions, and as such is strongly associated with love, romance, intuition, spirituality and sensitivity.

Like all court cards in a tarot, the King's Cup may representA real person.

Court as one of the charts physical attributes of the king of the cup, a man of 35 years or older represent a blond hair and blue eyes. He is a man who is a traditionalist with old ideas. He is friendly, kind, loving, sensitive and very affectionate.

Unlike a person, the King of the Court of Bells map shows the healing, love, care and compassion.

The King of Cups importance on love relationships are very positive asThis map represents all aspects of love. If you are in a committed relationship, so this map shows the loyalty and strong bonds of love and fidelity. If you are currently single, then this is the Tarot may indicate that love is just around the corner for you.

When this card of the Tarot, which seems to demonstrate your knowledge of spiritual things, and is still at a stage where things fall into place. You can decide to go to a course to learnHealing Arts, or counseling and guidance.

The King of Cups in a Tarot reading can also provide family harmony. If things are tense recently, with crosswords and misunderstandings, this map shows good progress in healing family relationships.

The King of Cups feel the need to exercise, allow your body to enhance and protect themselves against disease.

If this card is prominent in a Tarot Spread Tarot can be a need for tact and shrewdDiplomacy to work conflicts.

Each of us are surrounded by energy and light. In some circles this is called aura comprehensive energy and our energy radiates from the inner spiritual world. It 's our body reflects our state. People who are healthy and happy aura has a strong and clear people who are sick or need weak dark aura. The aura can expand with the increase in energy and becomes stronger, and can vanish decreases as the inner strength of a person.

The aura is a very personal expressionof our unique personality, body and character. So how can our physical health and vitality, we can increase the aura. To do this, we must be ready in time, the effort to invest, and perhaps a bit 'of money.

It 'can feel your own aura or sense. Move your hands back and forth, closer and away from the body. You may quickly realize that there is a second energy level is closer to your body. You may feel a bit 'or heat resistance. Give it a chance. It can be verysurprised at the results. People sometimes we feel the aura.

Spiritual growth and stronger energy and aura that comes with it is important to protect yourself from negative energies and influences. Negative people who worry or anger, they destroyed or seriously ill can really escape the aura of his power. People in the occult a bit 'far more serious damage, so it is important to maintain a healthy mind and strong to maintain a vibrant atmosphere glow. Thiswhat we call psychic self-defense.

To grow spiritually and increase energy and the aura, clear your mind and body of negative thoughts and feelings that can weaken and make us susceptible to mental attacks. This stage of healing involves spiritual introspection and careful introspection of our strengths and weaknesses of mind. Where are anger, jealousy, anger or desire, we must find ways to reduce and eliminate from their minds andheart. So it is important that this negative energy is replaced with positive.

Identify the causes of negative thoughts and feelings. Take an honest look at them and determine whether it is justified. In fact, no thought or feeling negative the right of a person who hopes to grow spiritually. Replace the energy with the positive aspects. If you are angry with a person or an event, examine the role played in the situation and what you can do to solve. If you're jealousor jealous, others leaving their hearts, even if it means separation. If you hold a grudge, learning forgiveness. And if you like, learn respect and self-control.

Of course, the process of time. You can not change overnight and leave you undermine your efforts. Be persistent and patient. Use this for yourself or your true self is compromised. Know that we all can improve and do what you can replace negative energy withpositive aspects. Be self improvement in the process of life continues. Once you have a good start the next phase of his effort.

Because of the aura reflects his general condition, it is important that your body healthy and strong, too. poor diet, stress, fatigue and illness may exhaust your mental energy and give you a weak dark aura. Take a couple of major changes in lifestyle. Avoid food and substances that interfere with healthy functioning. Limitor call caffeine, tobacco and drugs. Adopt a healthy and balanced diet that minimizes the fast food and processed meals. Make sure you have the right balance between different types of foods and increase consumption of fruit and vegetables. Make a habit of moderate daily exercise. You do not need a gym to join. Only a great step up the stairs. Do something to improve and maintain a high heart rate for 20-30 minutes every day. See a healthcare provider if you will,not days or weeks later.

Care for your self-esteem. Tell yourself you are not a good person. Do not participate in negative self-talk. It is not true and is very harmful. Who takes care of themselves also affects social relations and mental stimulation. Restart to establish and cultivate relationships old. To participate in your community. Participation. Take a course or attend a concert. Make your pictures and stories to share with loved ones.

Filesystemnegative energy people can have a negative impact. Avoid people who are cynical or pessimistic. Many children who learn to protect themselves. Spiritual development and psychological defenses to involve these people, places, and events to recognize that drain your mental energy and weaken your aura. Whenever possible, remove the negative from your life and mind.

There are tools and techniques you will find helpful in your efforts to spiritual development. Yourequires little training and lots of practice but is very strong. Some items are good to remove the negative and positive nutrient. One of these tools can be identified, perhaps even see your aura. Take a crystal on a string with your right hand and rotate around the body. He feels the vibrations through the rope like a pendulum swings. Another way to find your aura is a light and close your eyes slowly to light. You can see your auradifferent colors, which keeps your body. Practice these exercises and not be aware of your aura and it gives you messages on your mental state.

Requirements for a private detective …

How long it will take:

Most programs will be a two-year degree programs, career colleges and vocational schools or trade. They prepare students for the front row and refused to jobs in some sectors of the criminal justice system and police. This is the most common way for those of police, private investigators, police, customs and immigration, and many others to entercareer in law and order.

Some schools are community schools, offers associate degree two years. More offers four year bachelor's degrees in criminal justice and criminology.

Employers often classified employees when you find people to fill positions in this highly sought after career placements. This degree program and can also be a good choice for students who have a broader training they have, and It Is Likely That skills for entry-level learningJobs in private investigators.

Make sure all options before deciding which program and level of degree is right for you. Deciding which school you want to participate can mean the difference between wage-paying a private investigator and one that pays a minimum.

Responsibilities and requirements:

Depending on the area that the student intends to pursue the ability to be a bit 'different. In general, students who are completing a degree in criminal justice orRatings will be rounded in all aspects of criminal law and justice, and little knowledge of criminal law and justice.

Students will study many areas of sociology, criminology and psychology, and received training in conflict management, police procedures and preparation and presentation of evidence. Most will learn to make an arrest and the rules of engagement, consultation and testing to learn.

Women and men both commit, and are victims of, crimes but are their perspectives, understandings and interpretations of crime (either as victim or perpetrator likely to be different)? How and why – or even if – is a matter of debate; theorising on these matters is difficult depending on the perspective of the researcher.

Men and women also commit violence but their motivations are likely to be different; men may do so to assert their dominance over a situation, a territory, or person; to ensure that their masculinity is not in doubt. Women may do so in defence of their children, themselves, family, friends and perhaps even their property. However, if women are becoming as violent as men for the same reasons as men, does this mean we are moving in a direction which is irreversible? Would such a trend, if it truly existed, necessarily be a perilous one? More importantly, why does the notion of women becoming violent (or becoming more violent) cause such consternation in society whilst violence by, and towards, men is accepted as part of their masculinity?

Women are statistically less likely to commit crimes, particularly crimes of violence; however, numbers of women being arrested, cautioned and imprisoned for violent offences are rising. Media reports and government statistics all appear to show that women are increasingly involved in crime, particularly violent crime. In England and Wales, the number of females in custody was 4,445 (November 24, 2006) with most attributed to drug offenses, while violent, was the second. In Scotland, the figure was 326 (November 24, 2006), although misleading, since it is not exactly the family (i) "lifers" who have indicated (i) convicted but awaiting trial or deportation (iii) is under sixteen years. Williams argues that in a period of nine years, there was an increase of 140% for female offenders arrested (1993-2001), despite the fact that the tariffs challengedremained relatively stable. In the United States, figures show that although incarceration rates were rising, violent offences by women were going in the opposite direction; women’s involvement in violent offences showed a minimal rise (from 10.8% to 12.3%). This may, however, be reflective of changes in recording, prosecuting and incarcerating female offenders rather than any actual increase in the rate of female offending itself.

Violence is often fuelled by substance abuse, via alcohol or drugs or both and this is the case both for men and women. Males perpetrate the highest numbers of crimes, violent or otherwise, and they also account for the highest number of victims of violent assaults; women, however, as perpetrators of violent crimes in particular are on the however women are apparently working hard to catch up. Certainly, the media portrays young women as being ‘as bad as boys’ when it comes to violence, particularly when fuelled by alcohol; city centres across the UK have a large problem with violence but this is possibly due to an increasing culture of binge-drinking. Indeed, as recently as December 2006, reports of violence fuelled by alcohol were in the news again; this time, however, the focus was not the violence as such, but that the perpetrators of the violence were female.

A BBC article quotes Dr Jon Cole of Liverpool University who believes that, whilst it does not cause aggression, alcohol stops sensible choices being made “You make the easiest choice, which is often aggression”. The same article refers to a study by The Glasgow Centre for the Study of Violence which showed that women were involved in almost half of all the pub fights observed. Further, medical research shows that testosterone levels in women rise by fifty percent in females, but is lower in males when they become drunk.

Violence however is a term which can be interpreted in many ways: one particular study shows females’ understanding and interpretation of violence is not common (see Burman below). There are accepted definitions of violence or aggression: crime is an act that is a serious crime against a person or … State …"; violence "violence good materials to do us harm, injure or kill, the power of feeling or a destructive force natural" aggression. " Hostile or violent behavior or attitude is to attack without provocation … .

In the study by Burman et al,verbal abuse and the spreading of rumours was seen as ‘violent’ or more aggressive than physical violence (such as being punched). If verbal, rather than physical, violence causes more concern girls, should we take this as an indication that girls consider violence to be a psychological rather than physical problem? Why do some girls have a greater fear of violence which is spoken whilst most people, and particularly boys, are more inclined to class violence as a physical assault?

Fear violence is often very dangerous because it is "unknown" and the exact time and place to be the recipient of violence is unknown to victims of domestic violence, but kept ready, because they know they will rise to a point. But from a legal perspective, violence and violent crime, the place where the physical damage suffered, and only in recent years accepted psychological trauma as a "violent act" (see "Protection Act 1997).

Given the low numberof women who offend, both historically and in recent times, it is unsurprising that studies into female criminality were either ignored or undertaken in relation to their interaction with, and response to, male violence and criminality. It is also unsurprising that female criminologists found the need to fill this gap. In the past, women were classified into two types: mad or bad. Most female offenders convicted of violent crimes were seen as women who fought back against domestic violence or who protected their children; others were considered ‘evil’ and historically, were considered witches or concubines of the devil. We may now have a better understanding of criminality, but this has not stopped the ‘bad’ or ‘mad’ viewpoint from being represented by the media, the public and in some quarters of the criminal justice system when females are involved.

Women are viewed as more deviant than their male counterparts as they have not only offended against the criminal code but also against social convention. Whereas social rules and convention have changed over time, women are still considered to be mothers, wives, lovers and workers but not offenders; rarely do we expect women to commit violent offences. Those who do are vilified for years possibly serving longer terms than male counterparts, particularly when they offend against those they are supposed to protect.

Myra Hindley and Beverley Allit both murdered children; Allit did so as a nurse so could be considered deviant than double his career – and her gender role – it was a habit.
It 'hard for a good benchmarking without knowing the details of violence against a person for an offense by both men and women. There are a number of "assault" committed by women who are not good sequels were committed by men, it is impossible to say without knowing more about both the offense and the offender (regardlesssex). Procurement of goods sold (money for bills / paid to provide food), or the acquisition of goods – such as shoplifting food and clothing is more common among women than men offenders. The analysis of current statistics indicate that the largest number of female offenders committed "the crime of drug with the next highest is for violence against the person, followed by theft and tampering. For many women, who commit violence do so primarily for self-defense or protecting a child, women are not seenas well as violent. But this perception is false or misleading?

Most studies of culture and the phenomenon of gangs tend to focus on men (though some do not talk about "girl gangs" of girls in gangs as a device but a very complex part of a predominantly male band). But a problem is twofold: first, and perhaps obviously, not all female criminals – violent or not – are gone. Secondly, there is a risk that the results are more likely to produceprovide an insight into gang culture rather than any comparative study of female and male criminality.

Current statistics show the highest number of female offenders committed ‘drugs offences’ with the second highest for ‘violence against the person’ followed by ‘theft and handling’. For many, women who commit violence do so mainly in self-defence or protection of a child; females are not seen as inherently violent. But is this perception false?

One of the possible reasons behind Women commit less serious offenses "may have their role as parent / guardian. Since a large proportion of children or being reared by single mothers or fathers with children due to work longer (or is it only the head) women are generally the largest, if not solely responsible for rearing children. Therefore, the possibility of women committing crimes – unless their children elsewhere, or had children – is very limited. The risk and transmittedprison – and violent offences generally attract higher tariffs – meant that any benefit of committing a crime seemed unattractive. Of course, this assumes that women who commit offences chose to do so for pragmatic/rational reasons; classicists will be jumping for joy!

In terms of victimisation, women are largely accountable for rape or other sexual assaults but even here the amount of disproportionate statistical analysis is difficult given that male rape and male sexual assault is underestimated, and (in some countries) legally ignored. Stigmatization of victims of sexual violence for women victims of terrible, but more so when the victims are men. This is mainly because men seen as (i) the attackers or (ii) is physically able to fight an attack.

In England and Wales, legislation was very specific in terms of the crime of rape is a punishment that should be part of a process is vaginal or anal (or mouth), so when a victim ormale or female, the perpetrator must be male. In Scots law, the act of rape can only be committed by a man on a woman; male on male sexual assault is just that – sexual/indecent assault but not rape. Where victim and perpetrator are one and the same (e.g. an abused wife retaliates against her husband) there are inconsistencies between the genders. According to CEDAW, women are more likely to ‘to be killed than to kill’ but the legal system discriminates; women who kill their [often abusive] The men were found guilty of murder, while men who kill their wives have been convicted of manslaughter. So, if convicted of murder of women is the only available sentence is life, even if convicted of murder, but men and women are treated differently with prices higher for women than men.

Female offenders may be more selfish in their approach to crime, committing a crime that directly benefit and provide an immediate impression of who wins. In the violence that men of violence used asfirst, rather than last resort, as it on two levels it gets them what they want: the first is the object of their attention, the second is status and self-belief in their own ability. Violence for many men seems to be a way to [re]assert their masculinity. Violence committed by women – on the whole – appears to be a last resort; there was no other way to get either in or out of a situation and thus violence was used.

Of course, there are criminal couples: men and women who work together – though not necessarily in harmony – to make financial and other gains. Prostitutes have for many years used (and been used by) male pimps. The men offer protection, security from harassment whether this is from other working women, volatile clients and other pimps who want to ‘muscle in’ on the money earned by the prostitute.

The pimp will use violence as a means of asserting his status has being in control of both the woman and the environment within which they work. Of Of course the prostitutes themselves incitement to commit a crime on the streets, and his use of violence against his client and other working women. The acquiescence of women to men who pimp them that violence is acceptable, no wish, not as the violence used against them, but most accept it as part of their lives and the volatility of the clutch to be known to others as a way to protect themselves against other women andclients.

Theorising about the motivations which drive offenders, male and female, tends to mean that we encapsulate whole groups of people by defining them on the basis of individual psycho-social profiles. This may be applicable for instances where groups commit crimes on a large scale, over periods of time, such as ethnic cleansing (which often entails the mass slaughter of males and systematic rape and impregnation of females – as seen in Bosnia for example).

Of course, systematic rape of women – and sometimes men – is a form of violence often used by groups that are recognized by the state (as shown in situations of war), and persons in a family (man and wife , love, power, violence, etc.) and sex is almost unique in that women – particularly in Scotland's law '- is not sentenced for rape. There are cases where an accomplice in the facilitation of rape of a woman who was raised against a second woman, but tend to berare. One example would be the sexual abuse of young women by Fred West who raped and abused women with his wife; even here, however, the case showed that Fred West has systematically abused his wife and thus she may have complied and committed these acts to reduce her own victimisation.

Crime in general, whether violent or otherwise, may be more easily identifiable as a male characteristic in society rather than female simply because of historical social conventions. Women had to care their homes and families the opportunities for women to insult, was minimal due to limited access to places that allow them to commit crimes. The men, however, is often the drinking socialization of workers (women of their friends, but often in private homes instead of public housing, etc.) and thus greater opportunities for them. If nothing else, in historical times, were the shoes of a woman with burglary (eg a house, entering through a windowand then removing goods) quite difficult though perhaps not impossible! Even in more recent times, women were seen to steal for ‘good’ rather than ‘bad’ reasons: they stole food from supermarkets rather than goods to be sold for hard cash.

Those who were caught may cry and reduce themselves to the ‘helpless desperate female’ and an invariably male security guard or store manager, may find himself torn between chivalry or sympathy towards the woman and his job. If a man was caught in the same act of theft, it is possible that (if denial did not work) then aggression would result in a negative reaction from staff and thus prosecutions of males were more likely.

Given that males generally appear to be more confrontational – and this may be anthropological in origin – whereas woman appear to take the path of least resistance, it is possible that perpetrators of crimes (particularly non-violent crimes) are likely to find that their gender reflects their culpability in the eyes of the law and any enforcement officers.

Over the last few years, and in particular in relation to younger offenders, females are less likely to be able to use their gender to escape punishment (though there may be some instances were this still applies, for instance speeding in cars). Whereas historically women might have been viewed as immoral, but not necessarily criminal, recent years have seen a shift so that they are not only immoral but most definitely criminal and thus should be treated equally by the criminal justice system. Inevitably, however, the public will view the criminal female as more criminal or more deviant than her male counterpart.

Women may also have a more pragmatic approach to criminal activity, violent or otherwise. It might be that they are more careful about exposing themselves to temptation for certain crimes (such as theft, fraud, etc.) or are so careful that they may go undetected. Men may well approach crime with a more arrogant attitude and feel their ability to escape detection is greater than male or female counterparts.

What theories therefore can be applied, if any whether partially or wholly, to violence and the men and the women who use it? It is difficult to state which ‘criminological theory’ can actually be applied completely to criminality without being considered either aligned to one discourse or another even if the intention is to avoid this. It may be impossible to apply the same theories of criminality for men and women given that attempts thus far have failed to provide any conclusive answer into the causation of criminality in female or male crimes.

The problem with analysing the comparison between male and female offenders is that whilst their motives might appear different, this is not necessarily the case. Influences such as biology, psychology, economic and education as well as society in general will have an impact on each individual’s behaviour and their understanding of what is acceptable. Violence is often used as a means of dispute resolution – especially the younger generation – we can be on an irreversible path.

As seems common in criminology to explain the crime, is to include a cause of a particular theory or ideal, but thanks to these theories attempt to deal with mutually exclusive, leading to failure.

Women are different in their reactions to crimeand especially the violence, the use of violence against others and their understanding of violence and crime in general. Women have dominated for so long and now have decided to fight, they are considered more dangerous. And 'having changed the perception for a long period, is not to say women will not be ready to Amazon women rule the world and make the creatures husbands! But if – as women – we want equality, it seems there are twice as hard fought(even if that fight turns physical).

The criminal justice system now deals with far more women offenders than previous decades, but this is also likely to be in part attributable to the medicalisation of female offenders in the past. Now that this is no longer the case, women are identified as criminal not [mentally] ill and thus greater numbers are being included in criminal offending statistics. Greater reporting to the police, due to insurance requirements among other things, means that whereas those offences which may have been overlooked for being petty no longer are treated as inconsequential.

Whether one looks at the lack of implementation of equality for women, or whether men’s masculinity is eroded by women’s empowerment, whether abuse victims abuse others so they can gain control and power over another, many individuals commit crimes for reasons understood only by them – and perhaps not even then. Theories of crime, causation and criminality will be at ever increasing odds as elements of classicism, positivism, strain theory or a ‘pick-and-mix’ approach to all three are rejuvenated depending on the year or decade.

Advances in sciences (natural and social) may also play a part in the future of how criminality is considered; genetic or even social predisposition for criminality is not something which is seen on the movie screen, it is a reality which will be hitting us very soon if indeed it has not already done so.

Indeed, September 2006 Labour Government plans to publish their families the opportunity to improve the performance of any regional or even state intervention for problem families. Critics are reported to fear that the Government of eugenics dangerous ground (so fatal was run efficiently, but during the Holocaust is seen) or ASBOs for children who are born to be based on the state of socio-economic their parents'.

If the country in lateCriminology>? Governments can look to criminologists and other social scientists the problem of crime and to combat crime and its causes, but can provide limited frame of reference for research projects.

Criminology find clear answers to a final of a false and (sometimes) unexplained question: why do people (whether male or female) to commit the crime? Maybe it's his fault and why, despite growth of the writers on the case, no callan answer (which I argue is not possible in any event). Sociological, economical, psychological and biological factors all have to be considered and taken into account when dealing with any offender, male or female. Many treat criminal causation theories as mutually exclusive.

Criminological theory – even when considering all the elements therein – seeks to find a definitive answer where it is likely that none exist. Lack of a definitive answer, however, does not necessarily mean criminology has failed; it needs to evolve again. Perhaps for criminological theory, answers to questions are as fluid as the times in which they are considered. Evolution of criminology and the theories therein mean criminologists will have to choose the most logical and pragmatic elements, and discard elements which are obviously flawed (whether in whole or in part). This may be the way forward.

Word Count: 3613

Bibliography

“Textbook on Criminology” Fifth Edition. Williams, K: Published by Oxford University Press: 2004

“Race, Gender & Class in Criminology: The Intersections”. Edited by Milovanovic D & Schwartz M D Published by Garland Publishing in 1996. Chapter 7: “Sentencing Women to Prison” by Chesney-Lind, M

Concise Oxford English Dictionary: 11th Ed. Revised. Oxford University Press (2006).

“‘Taking It To Heart’: Girls and the meanings of violence.’ The Meanings of Violence” Burman, M, Brown, J & Batchelor, S. Published by Routledge in 2003.

England & Wales Official Prison Statistics: HM Prison Service: October 2006 Official Population Figures

Sexual Offences Act 1956; Criminal Justice & Public Order Act 1994; Sexual Offences Act 2003. Produced by HMSO.

“Violence Against Women in the UK” Kelly, L; Humphreys C; Sen, P & Womankind Worldwide. CEDAW Thematic Shadow Report. Published in 2003.

BBC News Website: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5312928.stm dated 5th September 2006

BBC News Online Magazine: ‘On The Lash’ by Megan Lane & Tomiko Newson (see link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6213686.stm) dated 8th September 2006.

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